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Coffee Bean Types: Arabica, Robusta, Liberica, and Excelsa

You probably already know that different varieties produce distinct flavors. Find out more about four of the most sought-after varieties: Arabica, Robusta, Liberica, and Excelsa.

Excelsa beans are a kind of Liberica, are grown exclusively in Southeast Asia. They have a more fruity and tarter flavor profile, and are often added to coffee blends to enhance the flavor.

Arabica

Arabica is the most well-known coffee in the world accounting for 75% of the global coffee beans produced. Arabica beans have a milder and sweeter taste than Robusta, and come in a variety profiles. The flavor and aroma of good coffee beans is affected by the conditions in which it is grown as well as the processing methods used.

The word "coffee" is derived from the Arabic word that means the berry. Coffee beans are actually seeds that grow in bright red berries. It is believed that the ancient Ethiopian shepherds discovered that their goats were energized after eating these fruits. The cultivation of coffee quickly spread all over the world.

Coffee beans can be grown at high altitudes and are in a position to thrive when exposed to cool temperatures and plenty of rain. This is why Arabica coffee is believed to be the most delicious type of coffee.

Many specialty coffee shops and roasters focus on ethically sourced arabica beans, and focusing on fair wages for farmers and sustainable farming practices. These companies blend arabica beans in order to create unique signature coffees that can be used in a variety of brewing methods. Blending gives you control over the flavour, aroma and body as well as the acidity of the coffee and is typically preferred to achieve an even and consistent taste that appeals to a larger market.

Robusta

Robusta beans (Coffea canephora) are the second most popular type of coffee bean that is grown worldwide. They have more caffeine per bean and are more resistant against pests and diseases. They also contain higher levels of chlorogenic acids, which are naturally-occurring antioxidants. These acids can cause oxidation in the brewing process, and can result in undesirable flavors.

The plant itself is more robust than arabica and is able to grow in less favorable climate conditions and at lower elevations. It is able to withstand higher temperatures and does well in direct sun. It produces more coffee per plant and is growing faster than arabica. This makes it a more efficient crop to grow.

Although it might seem odd, Robusta beans are often blended with arabica beans to create coffee blends. If you notice the names of countries like Uganda or Kenya listed on a coffee bag it's likely there's some Robusta in there as well.

Although some roasters exclusively use arabica beans, most do combine the two varieties to cut cost and maintain quality. To maintain the integrity of the flavor, it's important to select a high-quality beans from a source you are confident in. The best method to do this is to purchase your beans directly from the farmer.

Liberica

Liberica beans are more or less football shaped, which makes them distinct from other varieties of coffee beans. They have an aroma that is fruity, floral and smoky. They are often added to other coffee bean types to give them a richer, more robust taste.

Liberica coffee beans are grown in West Africa and Malaysia (Borneo) as and in Southeast Asia. They are resistant to hot, humid climates and can thrive at low altitudes. They are also more resistant to diseases than Arabica or Robusta.

These qualities make them perfect for home-growing. You can find the seeds on the internet from a variety of sources, however it's recommended to purchase locally-owned producers to ensure the quality of the beans. The ideal conditions for growing Liberica coffee plants are fertile, deep volcanic soils with a moderately acidic pH and adequate annual rainfall.

Another kind of coffee bean is Excelsa that was once considered a distinct species, but was re-classified as a variation of Liberica. These strong coffee beans beans are oval-shaped and grow on large coffee plants that reach 20 to 30 feet in height at moderate altitudes. Their distinctive flavor is tart and sour, making them a popular option for blends that are house-made. They are also less pronounced in aroma and caffeine than Arabica and Robusta and Robusta, yet they have a distinct taste.

Excelsa

Excelsa coffee beans aren't as popular as Arabica and Robusta, yet they're the fourth most popular. In fact, they were considered a distinct coffee plant species until 2006 when they were classified as a synonym for Coffea liberica var. dewevrei. These days, they're mostly grown in Southeast Asia and account for 7 percent of the world's coffee production. These Speciality Coffee Beans beans are shaped as teardrops and possess a dark, mysterious taste. They are often blended to add extra body and a luscious, tart, ripened fruit flavor.

Arabica beans are the most well-known and are renowned for their sweeter flavor. They thrive at high altitudes, and they thrive in warm tropical climates. They also have a touch of acidity. When properly roasted and brewed they may have notes of nuts, chocolate or even fruit.

Robusta is the second most-loved coffee around the world. It accounts for about 40% of the coffee consumed worldwide. Robusta beans are smaller and more round however, they contain twice the amount of caffeine as Arabica. They also have more bitterness than the other two varieties and tend to have woody and earthy undertones.

Now that you've learned the four most common types of organic coffee beans beans you can now choose the perfect cup. If you're looking to enjoy a smooth and delicate taste, go for an arabica bean or a blend of arabica and robusta beans.