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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders

Many people with ADHD have comorbid conditions such as major depression (Kessler et al 2006). Many depressed patients do not respond well to medication and may benefit from therapy.

Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals that regulate and increase levels of certain brain chemicals. Drugs that stimulate the brain such as methylphenidate or amphetamine are commonly prescribed.

Medications

Many medications that are used to treat ADHD in children can be used in adults. The dosages and side effects are different. The doctor will examine the medical history, the family health history and other factors of the individual to determine which drug is most appropriate for the patient.

The most commonly used ADHD medication is a stimulant. It works by altering the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain. Stimulants like methylphenidate and dextro-amphetamine (commonly called Adderall) boost the supply of these neurotransmitters, which can improve focus and decrease impulsivity and aggression. These stimulants are available in a variety of forms, such as skin patches, liquids and chewable tablets. Long-acting versions of these stimulants are preferable because they lead to more patient compliance and lasting and smoother improvement of symptoms.

It is important to keep in mind that comorbidities like anxiety and depression can affect the response to ADHD medication. Therefore, it is recommended that disorders be treated first line treatment for adhd in adults, and then medication used as a second measure. The medications that can be used to treat comorbid mood disorders include atomoxetine and bupropion and tricyclic antidepressants (Wilens 2004).).

Some patients may exhibit some patients may experience a "rebound" effect where they experience an increase in ADHD symptoms after stopping stimulant medications. In these cases it is possible to try a short-term trial of the use of a low dose stimulant medication could prove beneficial.

Certain people are not able to take stimulant medications or are not able to take them due to abuse of drugs or other health conditions for example, heart problems that are severe or hypertension. In these instances, non-stimulant drugs like atomoxetine or viloxazine can be effective. These medications don't have the same adverse effects as stimulants and are less likely to be misused or diverted.

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy (talk therapy) can be helpful for those suffering from ADHD. It can help people who suffer from ADHD learn to improve their lives, deal with stress and anxiety, manage conflicts, or deal with issues at work or in relationships. It can also aid in the treatment of co-existing mental disorders like addiction and depression disorders.

Talk therapies include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) as well as mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as well as schema therapy. These treatments are based on the idea that a person's beliefs and thoughts affect how they feel, think and act. CBT assists individuals in identifying negative thoughts and behaviors and then devise and implement positive strategies to change them. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy uses techniques for meditation to teach a person how to concentrate on their thoughts and emotions, manage their impulses and improve their executive functioning. Schema therapy, as well as other forms of psychotherapy focusing on a person's family history can be beneficial for those suffering from ADHD who have significant secondary problems.

Psychotherapy, as well as medication, can aid with specific ADHD problems, such as difficulty completing schoolwork or interacting with others. It can also help in avoiding important dates and responsibilities, and making decisions that are impulsive and could lead to legal and financial issues. It can assist a person overcome the root issues like depression and anxiety that may be contributing to their ADHD symptoms.

Psychotherapy can help a person develop healthy coping strategies and reduce stress, for example exercise, sleep improvement and healthy eating habits. It can also offer support to the family member or partner who is dealing with the negative effects ADHD affects their relationship. Marriage and family therapy can assist families and couples improve communication and learn to manage ADHD symptoms together.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

CBT is a type of psychotherapy which focuses on changing the patterns of negative thinking of the client. It involves a dialogue based on skills with a mental health professional to address the underlying reason for the symptoms. The aim of this therapy is to overcome the limitations and implement coping strategies that are compatible with the daily routine of the client.

Therapists who specialize in adult ADHD-CBT instruct clients to recognize harmful thought patterns and help them learn to replace them with more productive thoughts. This process can take a long time. It is an option for adults who do not receive enough relief from their medication.

In an upcoming RCT study, it was concluded that cognitive behavior therapy in combination with medication is superior over cognitive behavior therapy by itself when it comes to improving core symptoms, emotional symptom, self-esteem, and social functioning for adults with ADHD (Clarke, et al. 2017). CBT when combined with methylphenidate may be particularly effective for those who have more serious underlying issues.

Therapists who provide this type of treatment work with clients to devise an action plan that addresses their specific issues. They usually teach them the fundamentals of therapy that are simple to implement and have a high chance of being successful. Often a chart system is used to monitor the progress of a child and reward positive behavior. For an infant, this could involve a daily report that lists all the in-school tasks or positive behavior they have to perform, as well as an approach to monitoring and gaining rewards. The therapists may also consider introducing negative consequences when the child fails to finish their tasks. This can be done in a very sensitive and supportive manner.

Metacognitive Therapy

Metacognitive therapy is an innovative kind of psychotherapy that helps people to change their thinking. This kind of therapy can be effective for people who suffer from a variety of mental health issues, including depression. It's a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that helps people to identify their negative thought patterns and how they impact their moods. This kind of therapy can also help them acquire psychological tools that are able and effective.

The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between metacognitive capabilities and daily functioning in adults with ADHD. To accomplish this we compared self- and informant-rated daily functioning impairments with predictors of Metacognition (comprehensive Knowledge, Regulation of Cognition, Debugging, Information Management and Evaluation). The results showed that complete knowledge was associated with daily functioning among adults suffering from ADHD however, it was not associated with the processes that regulate. The predictive ability of a model incorporating metacognition predictors was moderate, which suggests that they can explain a significant amount of the variation in daily functioning for people with ADHD.

Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on modifying metacognitive beliefs that are dysfunctional and perpetuate states of worry or rumination as well as attention fixation. Adrian Wells developed MCT based on the model of information processing developed by Wells and Gerald Matthews. MCT has been shown to be effective in treating illness anxiety disorder. However, it's still an emerging treatment and more research is needed to determine if it can aid in other disorders.

This study was conceived for evaluating the effectiveness of MCT to reduce symptoms of anxiety disorder. However it is also able to treat a variety of disorders and may be more effective than other therapy. It is important to keep in mind that this isn't an effective treatment for ADHD however it can be used as an adjunctive therapy.

Family Therapy

In family therapy, therapists work with all family members. All members can better understand the issues of the client and learn to assist their loved ones. It also helps them cope with their anger and develop better communication skills. Additionally, this type of counseling can be helpful in dealing with comorbid disorders such as depression or addiction to drugs, which are typically seen alongside ADHD.

The therapist will start with an intake session in order to gain an understanding of the family's view of the problem and assess their ability to intervene with the family. This can be done online or in person. The Therapist will explain to each participant the nature of treatment as well as the rules for family therapy.

A therapist with experience in treating adults suffering from ADHD will ask a lot of questions to gain an understanding of the client's present symptoms, their history and their impact on their work as well as their family and social life. They will also ask whether there are other mental health issues, such as anxiety or depression.

Cognitive behavioral therapy is a structured type of counseling that helps you learn how to control your behavior and change negative patterns of thinking to positive ones. It focuses on improving your self-esteem and self-control by teaching you strategies to manage stress and anger. It is a short-term treatment that can be paired with other forms of psychotherapy.

Individual talk therapy helps people with ADHD to manage the emotional baggage that results from failure and underachievement. It can also help them deal with relationship conflicts, job changes, and academic issues. It can teach stress reduction and coping techniques as well as how to better manage your finances and time. It can also address comorbid disorders such as depression and anxiety that are commonly associated with Adhd treatment for young adults.